In 1962 James Watson (b. 1928), Francis Crick (19162004), and Maurice Wilkins (19162004) jointly stock the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their 1953 determination of the twist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Because the Nobel Prize can be awarded yet to the living, Wilkinss colleague Rosalind Franklin (19201958), who died of cancer at the age of 37, could not be honored.
The molecule that is the basis for heredity, DNA, contains the patterns for constructing proteins in the body, including the various enzymes. A in the altogether understanding of heredity and hereditary disease was possible erstwhile it was determined that DNA consists of two chains twisted almost each other, or double helixes, of alternating phosphate and boodle groups, and that the two chains are held together by total heat bonds between pairs of organic basesâ€"adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with carbon (C). Modern biotechnology also has its basis in the structural noesis of DNAâ€"in this case the scientists index to modify the DNA of host cells that will then nurture a desired product, for example, insulin.
The background for the work of the four scientists was organise by several scientific breakthroughs: the progress made by X-ray crystallographers in studying organic macromolecules; the growing conclusion supplied by geneticists that it was DNA, not protein, in chromosomes that was responsible for heredity; Erwin Chargaffs experimental finding that there are equal numbers of A and T bases and of G and C bases in DNA; and Linus Paulings discovery that the molecules of some proteins have helical shapesâ€"arrived at through the use of atomic models and a keen knowledge of the possible disposition of various atoms.
Of the four DNA researchers, only Rosalind Franklin had any degrees in chemistry. She was born into a prominent capital of the United Kingdom banking family, where all the childrenâ€"girls and boysâ€"were encouraged to develop their individual aptitudes. She attended St....If you indispensableness to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay
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