The Human Behavior and Defining their Moral and Ethics

This chapter explores two approaches to understanding how clean beliefs are developed. The first approach relies on philosophical explication to secernate basic honourable systems. It posits that humans are creatures of habit who affirm on general principles of right and wrong to avoid having to desexualise new decisions each time a situation arises (Pollock-Byrne, 1989, p. 13). These vestigial principles of right and wrong are our ethical systems or, as several(prenominal) writers put it, our " clean-living theory" or "moral philosophy." The chapter continues to chance upon the basic characteristics of ethical systems, which characteristics include their prohibition of trustworthy behaviors and their non-self-serving ecumenic applications (Pollock-Byrne, 1989, pp. 13-14), as well as to explore religious ethics, Kant's ethical formalism, utilitarianism and other ethical systems (Pollock-Byrne, 1989, pp. 14-21).

The second approach to understanding moral beliefs relies on psychological theories of moral outgrowth. Psychological theories attempt to settlement how individuals be total moral and how moral beliefs determine behavior (Pollock-Byrne, 1989, p. 25). earthshaking contributions in this area are Piaget's and Kohlberg's explanation of the stages of moral development an individual undergoes as she moves from egocentrism to cooperativeness. Pollock-Byrne also points out criticisms that Kohlberg relies besides heavily on reason and legal expert at the outlay of emotio

In this chapter, Pollock-Byrne explains the principles that underlie justice and how a society comes to agree, for the most part, on a commentary of justice. She notes that in Western societies the idea of justice incorporates notions of fairness, equality, uprightness and detach rewards or punishments (Pollock-Byrne, 1989, p. 38). Justice is also something to which individuals and society have a right, not a privilege for which one should feel grateful. Nonetheless, Pollock-Byrne notes that claims of the impartiality of justice often conflict with ideas of "individualized justice" for offenders with certain backgrounds.

The Ethics of Punishment and Correction

In this chapter, Pollock-Byrne notes the historical distrust in which many societies have held lawyers.

For example, she notes that both Plato and Aristotle condemned lawyers because of their ability "to make the justice appear false and the guilty appear innocent" (Pollock-Byrne, 1989, p. 101). Eventually, U.S. lawyers organize the American Bar Association in 1878, and this organization espouse the first ethical guidelines for lawyers. These guidelines cover the integrity and competency of practicing lawyers, as well as other actions related to legal theatrical performance of the humans. Some people argue, however, that such ethical guidelines only come into play when they have been broken, which is too late to protect the public (Pollock-Byrne, 1989, p. 103).

The chapter explores theories of ethical decision-making offered by practitioners in the field. For example, Pollock-Byrne points to researchers Krogstand and Robertson, who have described tercet principles of ethical decision-making. The first is the imperative principle, which requires the decision maker to intrust on a specific, unbending rule. Second is the utilitarian principle, which weighs the nice and bad consequences of the action. Third is the generalization principle, which asks what would be the consequences if all akin(predicate) persons acted in a
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